In the 19th century, the Catholic world was going through difficult times: regimes that had lasted for centuries were coming apart at the seams. A deadly threat to papal authority came from the followers of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution. Science challenged the immovable foundations of faith. And then, on June 23, 1858, police officers arrived at the Bologna home of Solomon and Marianna Mortara. Their target was six-year-old Edgardo Mortara. A servant, fearing for the life of a boy who had recently suffered a serious illness, baptized him. But by the law of the Papal States, Jews living on its territory were forbidden from raising children as Catholics. Despite all the father’s pleadings and the mother’s tears, the child was taken and sent to Rome. This is how a chain of events began—events that would forever change Italy and become one of the most important milestones in the struggle for religious freedom and human rights