“Degeneration” is Max Nordau’s best-known and most controversial book, written at the intersection of cultural studies, philosophy, and psychiatry.
Nordau, a student of Charcot and Lombroso, offers his explanation of the phenomenon of degeneration in late 19th-century Western society, illustrating it with examples from the works of the most striking figures in the art and philosophy of his era: Wagner, Nietzsche, Tolstoy, Ibsen, Wilde, and others. Nordau examines the cultural phenomenon of the “fin de siècle” both from a medical standpoint—considering degenerate art a product of neurosis—and from a social perspective, noting the negative impact of moral decline and the destruction of society’s traditional structures, urbanization, and even environmental pollution.