In the First Circle
38 hrs. 6 min.
Language
Russian
Author
Alexander Solzhenitsyn
Author
Alexander Solzhenitsyn
Narrator
Evgeny Ternovsky
Narrator
Evgeny Ternovsky
Description
The first version (96 chapters, the so-called “CIRCLE-96”) was written in 1955–1958 based on autobiographical material. In 1948–1949, Alexander Isaevich worked in the Marfino sharashka.
One of the main characters in Lev Rubin’s novel was modeled on a person known to Alexander Solzhenitsyn from the “sharashka”: the well-known Soviet literary scholar (Germanist) and dissident Lev Kopylov.
Ideologically razor-sharp, the novel was written by Solzhenitsyn in the literary underground, with no hope of publication.
In 1965, along with other works, it was confiscated by the KGB.
In 1964, Solzhenitsyn revised the novel, hoping to publish it legally. In the new edition, the novel consisted of 87 chapters (“CIRCLE-87”); the censor-unacceptable passages were removed or smoothed over, and some plot lines were altered. Even in this changed form, the novel was not published; it circulated in samizdat.
In 1968, it was published in the West. That same year, Solzhenitsyn restored the original version with minor changes.
In the USSR, “In the First Circle” was published only in 1990.
One of the main characters in Lev Rubin’s novel was modeled on a person known to Alexander Solzhenitsyn from the “sharashka”: the well-known Soviet literary scholar (Germanist) and dissident Lev Kopylov.
Ideologically razor-sharp, the novel was written by Solzhenitsyn in the literary underground, with no hope of publication.
In 1965, along with other works, it was confiscated by the KGB.
In 1964, Solzhenitsyn revised the novel, hoping to publish it legally. In the new edition, the novel consisted of 87 chapters (“CIRCLE-87”); the censor-unacceptable passages were removed or smoothed over, and some plot lines were altered. Even in this changed form, the novel was not published; it circulated in samizdat.
In 1968, it was published in the West. That same year, Solzhenitsyn restored the original version with minor changes.
In the USSR, “In the First Circle” was published only in 1990.
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