A study of the avant-garde as a phenomenon where ancient cultural layers met artistic innovations. The focus is on how, during an era of radical change, art became a way to see and rethink reality anew. The book by art historian and Doctor of Sciences Ekaterina Bobrinskaya, a specialist in Russian art of the 20th century, considers the avant-garde as an artistic and cultural phenomenon of deep transformations. The author shows how masters from the beginning of the century turned to the motifs of “Scythianism,” sought national foundations, and at the same time constructed utopian images of the future. Using the works of N. Goncharova, M. Larionov, V. Chekrygin and other artists, the book reveals how the avant-garde connected the archaic and the new, the past and the coming future—turning into a field of ideas and bold experiments. The edition is intended for everyone interested in the history of art and the culture of turning-point eras, when painting and artistic gesture became tools for rethinking the world. Design: LLC “AST Publishing House,” 2025.