Planet of Ghosts

A. Bushkov’s book about fakes—historical, political, and scientific. The 19th century, besides a whole host of other questionable achievements, also produced fake sciences. First and foremost—Marxism and anthropology.
In both cases, we’re talking about theories of purest water that received no confirmation either then or later, yet nevertheless arrogantly assigned themselves the status of “real” sciences, like astronomy or physics. Documents, money, and works of art have been forged at all times. But only the nineteenth century brought the world fake sciences.
In short, it’s time, for a while leaving history aside, to examine in detail and thoughtfully how things stand in pseudo-sciences—for example, in anthropology, which surpasses history in the number of speculations presented as scientific truths.