The Oprichnina. This word evokes many associations: from torture and executions carried out by the bloodthirsty “kromeshniks,” to the image of Ivan the Terrible and his loyal servants as outstanding reformers and supporters of progress. The well-known historian and scholar of global repute Ruslan Grigorievich Skrynnikov analyzes the country’s political development that led to the oprichnina, its social structure, and land policy in the first stage of the oprichnina’s existence. The internal history of the oprichnina is considered in inseparable connection with the events of the Livonian War, which had an exceptional impact on Russia’s fate, its economy, and the life of the people.