The famous treatise “Ethnogenesis and the Biosphere of Earth”—the foundational work of the outstanding Russian historian, geographer, and philosopher Lev Nikolaevich Gumilev—dedicated to the problem of the emergence and relationships of ethnoses on Earth. By studying the dynamics of the movement of peoples—seeking their historical identity while conflicts with the surrounding environment unfold—Gumilev collected and processed a huge amount of scientific and cultural data. In this unique book, translated into many languages (which the author considered his main work), the fundamental propositions of the theory of ethnogenesis developed by L. N. Gumilev and the doctrine of “passionariness” (passionarity) are formulated and developed in detail.