In 19th-century Russian literature, the novel "What Is to Be Done?" appeared and immediately caused a scandal. It was banned by censorship, but it became known to every reader in Russia. The novel was translated into 9 languages during the author’s lifetime and drew admiration from Kropotkin, Zola, and Strindberg, yet caused outrage among Dostoevsky and Leskov. Contemporary readers of the novel either accepted it without reservations or denied it. The author himself claimed that he simply wanted to show ordinary decent people of the new generation—but what exactly sparked such a reaction remains a mystery.