This book provides an in-depth historical analysis of a tragedy connected with the division of the single Russian people. It explores how separating the Little Russians from the Great Russians became a significant loss for Rus', while emphasizing that for centuries they remained part of the triune people. From the Pereiaslav Rada of 1654 and up to the joint victories of the Empire, the Little Russian brothers together with the Great Russians jointly built and defended a shared state. Great representatives of Little Russia—commanders, church leaders, as well as outstanding figures of literature, art, and science such as Gogol and Repin—were proud of their involvement in Russian civilization and made a significant contribution to its development with their talents.