100 Stories from the History of Medicine

Foreword The Man’s Syndrome, or The Story in the Plural
Introduction
1 The Birth of Science Ambroise Paré 1537
2 The Condom in Preventing Venereal Diseases Gabrielle Fallopius 1563
3 Europe’s Oldest Clinical Hospital Otho H. (Hērniūs) 1636
4 European Doctors’ First Encounter with Reflexology Willem ten Rhyne 1674
5 The First Outpatient Clinic for People with Mental Disorders Edward Tyson 1684
6 Operation for a Fistula of the Rectum Charles-François Félix and Louis XIV 1686
7 The First Russian Hospital Nicolaus Bidloo 1707
8 Treatment of Tooth Decay Pierre Fauchard 1724
9 Treatment of Appendicitis Claudius Amyand 1735
10 Clinical Investigation with Randomized Groups James Lind 1747
11 Sanitary-Epidemiological Surveillance Johann Friedrich Struensee 1770
12 Disinfection Instead of Destruction Danilo Samoilovich 1771
13 The Society for Saving Drowning People William House 1774
14 The Start of the Fight Against Carcinogens Percivall Pott 1775
15 Emergency Medical Care in the Field Dominique Larrey 1792
16 Removal of a Tumor Under General Anesthesia Seisy Hanaoka 1804
17 The Stethoscope René Laennec 1817
18 Discovering the Nature of Digestion William Beaumont and Alexis St. Martin 1822
19 Lithotripsy Jean Civiale 1824
20 Lymphoma Thomas Hodgkin 1826
21 Asocial Behavior as a Symptom Fyodor Gaaz 1829
22 Development of Thyrotoxicosis Carl von Basedow 1840
23 Spirometry John Hutchinson 1842
24 Disinfection of Hands for Medics Ignaz Semmelweis 1847
25 Pain Relief in Childbirth John Snow and Queen Victoria 1853
26 Founding the Davos Resort Alexander Spengler 1853
27 Laryngoscopy and Phoniatrics Manuel García 1855
28 Trichinellosis Friedrich Zenker 1860
29 Kidnapping Cinchona Seeds Charles Ledger and Manuel Icanahii 1865
30 Deciphering Richetta Biology and the Beginning of Tropical Parasitology Aleksei Fedchenko 1870
31 Prevention of Caisson Disease Alphonse Jamain 1870
32 The Leprosy Agent Gerhard Armauer Hansen 1873
33 Syndrome of Mental Automatism Viktor Kandinsky 1877
34 Louse as a Carrier of Relapsing Typhus Grigory Minsky 1878
35 Gastric Resection Theodor Billroth 1881
36 Vaccination Against Anthrax Louis Pasteur 1881
37 City Ambulance Service Jaromír Mundy 1881
38 Immunity Ilya Mechnikov 1883
39 Victory over Rabies Louis Pasteur 1885
40 Two Forms of Bartonellosis Daniel Carrion 1885
41 Korsakoff’s Syndrome Sergey Korsakov 1887
42 The Agent of Tetanus Shibasaburo Kitasato 1889
43 Lumbar Puncture Heinrich Quincke 1890
44 Antivenom Serum Albert Calmette 1894
45 The Plague Agent Alexandre Yersin 1894
46 The Agent of Botulism Emil von Ermengem 1895
47 Radiotherapy Emil Grubbe 1896
48 Plague Vaccine Vladimir Havkin 1897
49 Surgical Gloves and a Mask William Halsted and Jan Mikulicz-Radecki 1897
50 Malaria Vector Ronald Ross 1897
51 Prevention of Food Poisoning Pavel Lashenkov 1899
52 Electrocardiography Willem Einthoven 1902
53 Local Anesthesia with Novocaine Alfred Einhorn and Heinrich Braun 1904
54 Measuring Blood Pressure Nikolai Korotkov 1905
55 “Disease of Forgetting” Alois Alzheimer 1906
56 Prevention of Anaphylactic Shock Alexander Bezredka 1907
57 Pre-life Diagnosis of Myocardial Infarction Vassily Obraztsov and Nikolai Strazhesko 1910
58 Victims of Mustard Gas and the Birth of the Idea of Cancer Chemotherapy Western Front 1917
59 Radiocontrast Preparations Jacques Foressier and Jean Sicard 1921
60 Saving a Diabetic with an Insulin Injection Frederick Banting 1922
61 Surgical Treatment of Pulmonary Arterial Thromboembolism Martin Kirschner 1924
62 Cerebral Angiography Egas Moniz 1927
63 Screening for Cervical Cancer: the “Pap Test” Georgios Papanicolaou 1928
64 Introduction of a Catheter into the Heart Werner Forsmann 1929
65 Blood Bank Sergey Yudin 1930
66 Survival of Patients with Beriberi in Extreme Conditions Leonid Starokadomsky 1933
67 Overcoming the Rh Conflict Ruth Darrow 1935
68 Tick as a Carrier of Spring-Summer Encephalitis Lev Zilber 1937
69 Fluorography Manuel Abreu 1937
70 Surgical Correction of a Congenital Heart Defect Robert Gross 1938
71 Prevention of Tick-Borne Encephalitis Mikhail Chumakov 1939
72 Clinical Use of Antibiotics Howard Florey 1940
73 Ultrasound Karl Dussik 1941
74 Hemodialysis Willem Kolff 1943
75 Antituberculosis Drugs Selman Waksman and Jörgen Lehmann 1943
76 Therapeutic Pedagogy Against Cerebral Palsy András Pető 1945
77 Zika Virus George Dick and Alec Heddow 1947
78 Implantation of an Artificial Lens Harold Ridley 1950
79 The First Neuroleptic — Aminazine (Chlorpromazine) Henri Laborit and Paul Charpentier 1950
80 Apparatus for Transosseous Osteosynthesis Gavriil Ilizarov 1951
81 The Gene Responsible for Hereditary Neurodegenerative Disease Americo Negrette 1952
82 Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Vladimir Demikhov 1953
83 Polio Vaccine Jonas Salk 1954
84 Kidney Transplantation John Merrill, Joseph Murray, and the Herrick Twins 1954
85 The Agent of Trachoma Tan Feifang 1958
86 WHO’s Global Smallpox Eradication Program 1958
87 Coronary Angiography Mason Sones and René Favaloro 1958
88 Epstein–Barr Virus Michael Epstein and Yvonne Barr 1963
89 Prions as Agents of Infections Carleton Gajdusek and Shirley Glass 1967
90 “Doctors Without Borders” Bernard Kouchner and Max Récamier 1971
91 Cyclosporine as an Immunosuppressant Jean-François Borel and Hartmann Stehelin 1972
92 Complete Sex Reassignment Surgery Victor Kalnberz 1972
93 Positron Emission Tomography Louis Sokoloff, Martin Reivich, and David Kuhl 1976
94 Ebola Fever Virus Stefan Pattyn, Peter Piot, and Guido van der Groen 1976
95 The Agent of Lyme Disease Polly Murray, Allen Steere, and Willy Burgdorfer 1982
96 Implantation of an Artificial Heart Willem Kolff, William DeVries, and patient Barney Clark 1982
97 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Cary Mullis 1983
98 “Prospective Portrait” of a Serial Killer for the Investigation Aleksandr Bukanovsky 1990
99 p53 Protein as the “Guardian of the Genome” David Lane 1992
100 Have a Caesarean of Your Own, Save the Baby, and Stay Alive Ines Ramirez 2000
Sources and additional materials